Online History Degree Programs. Students obtaining a degree program in social science in history can often wear a variety of different hats in their. Please enter valid US or Canada Zip.Canada Social History University Programs. Browse through the list of Canadian Social History bachelor, masters, and doctorate courses, programs and degrees offered by universities in Canada. Course information for prospective postgraduate students on our MA Social Research (Economic and Social History). MA Social Research (Economic and Social History) Course fact file Course Type Postgraduate, Taught. Undergraduate Programs in the Faculty of Social Science. Western’s American Studies program is one of only a handful in Canada. Students examine key fields such as history, language, politics, philosophy, culture. Historical statistics of Canada: Section C: Social Security. Archived Content. Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available. Download PDF of section. T. Russell Robinson, Health and Welfare Canada. Federal Income Security Programs (Series C1- 1. Federal and Provincial Income Insurance Programs (Series C1. Federal- Provincial Cost- Shared Income Security Programs (Series C2. Federal and Provincial Cost- Shared Social and Related Services Programs (Series C4. Provincial- Municipal Income Security Programs (Series C5. Government Expenditure on Social Security by Broad Program Areas (Series C5. The statistics in this section are in six main divisions: federal income security programs (series Cl- 1. C1. 96- 2. 86); cost- shared federal- provincial income security programs (series C2. C4. 43- 5. 07); provincial- municipal income security programs (series C5. C5. 60- 5. 99). The conceptual framework for the above arrangement is described first, followed by a brief historical review of the development of various programs and concluding with detailed statistical source references. The Conceptual Framework. The growth of government activity, particularly in the sphere of social policy, has come to be identified with the concept of the welfare state. It is important, therefore, to attempt to describe in some detail the changes in the size of social security (or social welfare) expenditures in Canada. The first step is to define what is meant by social security expenditures. Unfortunately, there is no common definition and those advanced by different public or private agencies vary greatly in the scope of public expenditures which they include. There is, then, an element of arbitrariness in what shall be defined as expenditures on social security programs and activities. History of Health and Social Transfers. In 1966, the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP). History of Welfare in Canada Selected readings Updated. This is a comprehensive online introduction to social welfare and social work that anyone interested in the history of social programs in Canada should. Social Programs That Work. Home; About This Site; Social Programs Reviewed. Full List of Programs; Prenatal / Early Childhood. This site seeks to identify those social interventions shown in rigorous studies to produce. Even with a precise definition, it may not be possible to obtain data on all the expenditures which fall within the purview of the conceptual framework indicated by the definition. For purposes of this section a broad concept of social security expenditures has been adopted. It has been defined as the sum of the publicly financed and publicly or privately administered. Section B). The purposes of such programs and expenditures are: to maintain the income of individuals or families in the face of involuntary loss of earnings due to a wide variety of contingencies of life; to provide a variety of income assistance to those unable to earn an adequate income; to provide a variety of supportive and developmental personal services which may amount to income support in kind, or be ancillary to income transfers; and to finance and/or provide curative or preventive medical care. Unlike the very broad definition offered in Income Security and Social Services, the present definition does not include . The definition adopted, however, is similar to that utilized by the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association. This definition does not include private (or voluntary) expenditures on social security. In fact, the term social security is sometimes taken to imply that such expenditures and activities are collective in nature and involuntarily financed through the tax system or via earmarked contributions to public plans. Private expenditures (on individual pension plans or for drugs and other forms of health care not covered in public programs) do contribute to social security objectives, but they are largely individual in nature or involve much smaller groups. Income maintenance expenditures take the form of cash payments made by governments (or related agencies) directly to individuals or families, and may be grouped into two main categories, income insurance and income security. Income insurance programs are publicly administered and are financed largely from contributions required of employers and employees. The current programs are designed to protect individuals and families against a loss of income due to involuntary unemployment (Unemployment Insurance), work- related accidents (Workmen's Compensation) and retirement (Canada and Quebec Pension Plans. They are insurance programs in the sense that benefit levels are at least partially a function of the level of contributions and/or previous earnings. Also, the risks are widely shared among potential beneficiaries. Income security expenditures are incorporated in a large number of cost- shared programs and also those programs financed and delivered by individual levels of government. Some take the form of payments to eligible persons which are unchanged with respect to income level or demonstrated need. The most important examples are family and youth allowances, and Old Age Security (OAS) pensions. Other income security expenditures depend upon the indicated need of the recipient as assessed by income, needs or means tests. The Canada Assistance Plan is by far the largest program of this type in which the federal and provincial governments share the cost of providing social assistance payments, as well as services, to persons in need. The second major component of public social security expenditures, social welfare services, involves expenditures on programs which provide tangible and intangible services, or transfers in kind, rather than direct cash payments. Tangible services would include, for example, child welfare expenditures which go to provide the child with food, shelter, clothing, school supplies and other basic needs in lieu of a cash payment. Intangible services would include, for example, the counselling services of social workers, vocational rehabilitation programs and adoption services. The third major component, health care services, includes programs providing hospital and medical care as well as public health clinics and other preventative health measures. Conceptually, public expenditures for the provision of health care services can be included in a comprehensive definition of social security expenditures. As already mentioned, this is in conformity with the practice of several international organizations. Data on health care services, other than total public expenditures given below, can be found in Section B. In most cases, expenditures and caseload, beneficiary or recipient data are provided on a provincial basis. With respect to federal- provincial cost- shared programs, the federal portion of expenditure figures given for Quebec is the amount of revenue received by the province of Quebec in lieu of direct contributions under the relevant cost- sharing arrangement. Historical Development. In the early days of settlement in Canada, it was common practice for settlers to receive assistance, in the form of land grants, basic food requirements, clothing and working equipment, from both public and private sources, within Canada and abroad, in order to establish themselves in their new homeland. Care for the sick and the needy was essentially a local responsibility. During periods characterized by large flows of immigration, many people were held at immigration centres because of sickness and contagious disease. Initial legislation to provide welfare aid by the provincial governments was directed toward support for families left destitute due to illness, death or desertion. The British North America Act indicated that welfare was primarily the responsibility of provincial and local governments except for the indigenous and immigrant populations for whom the federal government assumed primary responsibility. One of the earliest forms of income security provided to workers and their families by provincial governments was financial aid as authorized under workmen's compensation legislation, and took the form of pensions and payments during periods of disability. Financing was based on contributions from employers. The earliest provincial workmen's compensation legislation was introduced in 1. Quebec and Ontario and was progressively implemented by all provinces. Provincial legislation to provide allowances to mothers in single parent families was initially introduced during World War I and was also extended to all provinces. In 1. 92. 7, the federal government introduced legislation providing for old age pensions paid on a cost- shared basis by the provincial governments. Extensive legislation to cover services and basic financial support was also developed in all provinces in the field of child welfare. Due to the major economic depression which Canada shared with other nations during the 1. These circumstances also made apparent the need for federal involvement in the development of income maintenance and welfare service programs across the nation. In 1. 94. 0, the federal government secured agreement of the provinces to amend the British North America Act to permit it to introduce a nation- wide program of unemployment insurance, funded through employer and employee contributions. The program became fully operational in 1. The federal government passed legislation in 1. In 1. 95. 2, the federal government introduced old age security, a program of universal pensions paid by the federal government to all qualified residents 7. This program replaced former provincial cost- sharing of old age pension programs. Provincial old age assistance was also introduced in 1. Two years later, in 1. Unemployment assistance was introduced by the federal government in 1. This provincially administered, cost- shared program provided for basic financial support for unemployed persons and their dependents and also for persons considered unemployable. Support of public health services was significantly extended through the introduction of a universal hospital insurance program proclaimed in 1. By 1. 96. 1, agreements had been signed between the federal government and all provincial governments. Social programs in Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Social programs in Canada include all government programs designed to give assistance to citizens outside of what the market provides. The Canadian social safety net covers a broad spectrum of programs, and because Canada is a federation, many are run by the provinces. Canada has a wide range of government transfer payments to individuals, which totaled $1. In slang, welfare is also sometimes referred to as . Changing government policy between the 1. Western European countries. Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1. The scaling back of wealth distribution programs, and a general failing of trickle- down economics to effectively distribute money in capitalist economies more broadly, meant that gaps between rich and poor widened. Canada of the late- 1. GINI Coefficient increases from . In Canada, Exports have dropped 5. Imports have doubled - since year- 2. Trade deficit. Canada; similar to the U. K., saw per- Capita GDP Exports drop to one- third those seen in Nordic states. A country's poorest citizens can seldom afford to participate in commerce, but in Nordic Model states - states with strong Welfare Social Programs, poorer citizens could participate and clearly - by the statistics - they did. Quantifying the costs & benefits of reducing social programs in Canada is also interesting. If Canadian citizens had retained per Capita GDP Exports comparable to the Netherlands', Canada (and the U. K. The success of Social Programs in Nordic States at the same time that other G7 states troughed, suggests that similar economic controls and social programs play an important role in sustaining productivity through regular cyclic Depressions. This 2. 5- year glance at both Canadian Economic Policy, and standouts that fared alongside, are presented to add lessons- learned and context to the Canada's Social Programs topic. Healthcare. Services which are not . Compared to other single- payer health systems in the world, Canada is unusual in banning the purchase of private insurance or care for any services that are listed. This is meant to prevent what is described as . However, in 2. 00. Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General) that the ban on private care could be unconstitutional if it caused unreasonable delays for patients. Education. Education is compulsory up to the age of 1. Both elementary and secondary education is provided at a nominal cost. Private education is available, but its comparatively high costs and the relative quality of public education result in it being less popular than in the United States or Britain. Post- secondary schooling is not free, but is subsidized by the federal and provincial governments. Financial assistance is available through student loans and bursaries. Housing. It was created in the 1. Quebec in 1. 95. 8. Unemployment benefits. The rules for eligibility and the amount given vary widely between the provinces. The welfare program for low income families exists in all provinces. It was created in the 1. Quebec in 1. 95. 8. The original plan was for Ottawa to pay half of the financial support for low income families and the other half paid by each of the provinces. Today, because of budget cuts Ontario and British Columbia are not receiving the percentage that Ottawa had planned in the creation of welfare. As a result, Ottawa is now paying only twenty- nine percent of what it is supposed to be paying these two provinces. In addition, most former workers can receive Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits based on their contributions during their careers. As well many people have a private pension through their employer, although that is becoming less common, and many people take advantage of a government tax- shelter for investments called a Registered Retirement Savings Plan or may save money privately. Regional aid. Encyclopedia of social welfare history in North America. Milbourne, Paul (2. Welfare Reform in Rural Places: Comparative Perspectives. Moscovitch, Allan; Jennissen, Theresa; Findlay, Peter (1. The welfare state in Canada: a selected bibliography, 1. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Raphael, Dennis (2. Poverty and Policy in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 9. Turner, Francis Joseph (2. Encyclopedia of Canadian social work, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 0. Westhues, Anne (2. Canadian social policy: issues and perspectives. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8.
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